A Sea Weed Used As Solidifying Agent Of Bacteria Those Are...

Glossary Agar- A sea weed used as solidifying agent in microbial culture. Bacillus: A group of bacteria those are rod-shaped. Bacteria: Includes prokaryotes that are not members of the domain Archaea. Biochemical reactions: Study of microbially mediated chemical transformations of substrate, e.g. carbon, nitrogen or sulfur cycling. Coccus (plural: cocci): Rounded or spherical shaped bacteria. Colony: An aggregate of bacterial cells on a solid medium that is visible to the naked eye. Definitive identification: A valid identification of a microorganism to genus and species. Dichotomy (Adjective-Dichotomous: a separation into two divisions that differ widely from or contradict each other Differential medium: A medium which is used to differentiate different types of microorganisms based on their different colors or shapes of colonies. Enzyme: A protein functioning as a catalyst in living organisms, which promotes specific reactions or groups of reactions. Genus (plural genera): The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species. Gram-negative: Bacterium (prokaryotic cell) whose cell wall stains pink (negative) in Gram’s stain. Gram-positive: Bacterium (prokaryotic cell) whose cell wall stains purple (positive) in Gram stain. Inoculation: adding microbes to a culture using aseptic techniques Incubation: growing organisms under controlled environment Medium (plural media): Any liquid or solid materials which is prepared for the growth,

Should Vaccinations Be Mandatory And That No One Should Be...

Vaccines have been shown to be the most effective way to eliminate or reduce the prevalence of life-threatening diseases within our population (Lantos, Jackson and Harrison, 2012). However, there has been a growing concern with outbreaks of these diseases showing up repeatedly throughout the last few years. This has caused a sense of worry among parents with children. I believe that vaccinations should be mandatory and that no one should be exempt based on personal belief if the disease is deadly enough to cause harm. I will explain my argument to justify mandatory vaccines through the benefit for the common good of society, the harm principle and its welfare baseline. Opel and Diekema (2012) are still on the offence about mandating vaccines because they believe that it disrespects parental autonomy and their ability to make a decision for their child. However, the vaccine is there to protect children from developing these serious conditions and has been shown to be beneficial when all children are immunized to stop the spread of disease from circulating in a community, which is known as herd immunity (Lantos, Jackson and Harrison, 2012). Therefore although it may be said to be true that it disrespects parental autonomy it also violates other parent’s autonomy to choose to vaccinate and keep their children safe from disease. The choices of those parents not vaccinating are putting the ones that do at risk. On the other hand, Dare (1998) talks about parents not vaccinatingShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi Vaccine Refusal On Religious Grounds1624 Words   |  7 Pagescase by insisting that vaccination refusal on the grounds of prioritizing the intere st of one’s own children over the interests of public health is not morally justified. He provides two strong moral reasons that he uses to justify his case in favor of vaccinations. Both of these reasons, he suggests, should compel people to get vaccinated and to vaccinate their children. However, Navin fails to recognize the group of people who have strong religious beliefs against vaccinations and the way that theyRead MoreImmunizations And Vaccinations : A Hot Topic1426 Words   |  6 Pages Immunizations and Vaccinations: A Hot Topic Crystal L. Clauser Frostburg State University Immunizations and Vaccinations: A Hot Topic In the United States, the childhood immunization schedule recommends that children receive approximately 15 vaccinations by 19 months of age, and it specifies ages for administration of each vaccination dose (Luman, Barker, McCauley, Drews-Botsch, 2005, p. 1367). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a vaccine is a product thatRead MoreEssay about Vaccinations Should Be Required1105 Words   |  5 PagesImagine two children; one who has been completely vaccinated, and the other has never been vaccinated. Both children fall ill from the same virus, but the child who had been vaccinated fully recovers, while the child who was not passes away due to complications. That child’s life could have been saved if the child received the proper vaccinations. Ever since the invention of the Smallpox vaccine more than two centuries ago, there has been an abundance of controversy over the morality, ethics, effectivenessRead MoreMandatory Vaccinations For School Chil dren Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesMandatory Vaccinations for School Children We have all raised our eyebrows when the person sitting the row behind us starts coughing, and not just the â€Å"soda went down the wrong pipe† cough, but the real, mucus breaking, uncontrollable hacking. Likewise, many of us have also tried to not get too close to the person with the visibly red, irritated nose and the constant sniffling that comes with the absence of a tissue. As a society, we tend to be conscious of the threat of contracting a disease,Read MoreShould There Be Mandatory Vaccinations for Children Entering School?1582 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Should there be mandatory vaccinations for children entering school?† There are many diseases that are preventable with the use of vaccines such as measles, pertussis, polio and rubella. In the United States, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate vaccinations for children upon entering school in 1855. Since then each state has added or amended various requirements of the vaccination schedule. However, various exemptions exist to override vaccinations such as religious reasons, or medicalRead MoreThe Anti Vaccination Movement :1300 Words   |  6 PagesMSM Critical Thinking Problem Solving GEN 1113 19 March 2016 The Anti-Vaccination Movement Step one: The current issue I have selected to discuss is vaccinations. In particular, I will be addressing the anti-vaccination movement that has gained popularity in recent years and the contributing biases that influenced its emergence. One event stands out at as a major contributing factor to the growth of the anti-vaccination movement, the 1998 study by Andrew Wakefield that was published by the EnglishRead MoreThe Importance Of Mandated Immunization For School Age Children1996 Words   |  8 PagesUniversity Introduction Immunization for school age children is an integral aspect of early healthcare and is a reliable method of developing resistance to specific, potentially life threatening diseases. Immunization, which is also known as vaccination, is crucial as it not only protects the immunized individual but also the surrounding community members (Grace, 2006). When a child is not vaccinated, there is an increased risk to develop symptoms of a particular disease, which can result in anRead MoreMandatory Immunization Of Children For School Entry1601 Words   |  7 Pageswhich eliminated California s personal belief exemption. These laws create a very low bar for parents to obtain an exemption. Often they simply have to check a box stating they don’t want to vaccinate their children, and that is sufficient. States with personal belief exemptions have 2.5 times the vaccine refusal rate as states with religious exemptions only. Essentially, the easier it is to obtain a vaccine exemption, the lo wer the vaccination rate. Personal belief exemption rates have gone up dramaticallyRead MoreReasons For Mandatory Immunization Records1850 Words   |  8 Pages California now along with two other states joined Mississippi and West Virginia that perm only medical exemptions as legitimate reasons to evade vaccinations. The four times that a student’s vaccination records are required are: 1. Entering daycare or preschool; 2. Entering kindergarten; 3. Entering kindergarten and 4. Any time a k-12 student changes school districts. That is, just changing schools within a district does not require the student’s parent/guardian to provide immunization records.Read MoreThe Center For Infectious Diseases Communicable Disease2296 Words   |  10 Pagessigned by Governor Brown on June 30, 2015. Effective one year from now in July 2016, SB 277 will no longer permit immunization exemptions based on personal beliefs for children in child care and public and private schools; permit personal belief exemptions submitted before January 1, 2016 to remain valid until a pupil reaches kindergarten or 7th grade. The bill in 2016 will also remove immunization requirements for students in home-based private schools, students enrolled in an independent

Orientalism in Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North free essay sample

In a discussion of the â€Å"boundless historical chasm,† separating the east and west, Mustafa Sa’eed forewarns, â€Å"I have come to you as conqueror,† (50). The relationship between the Occident and the Orient is one of â€Å"love,† â€Å"hate,† â€Å"astonishment,† â€Å"fear,† and â€Å"desire† (132). Said seems to denounce the possibility of an objective reflection between the two spheres, â€Å"the chances of anything like a clear view of what one talks about in talking about the Near East are depressingly small† (92). Tayeb Salih’s novel explores the possibility of dismantling such a cultural divide by calling into question the very elements that create such opposing outlooks. In doing so, he elevates a negative appraisal of the â€Å"other† into one of wonder and mystery, â€Å"curiosity [†¦] changed into gaiety, and gaiety into sympathy [†¦] sympathy will be transformed into a desire,† (33). The novel can be seen as an exploration of the influence that western ideology can have on the â€Å"Orient†. We will write a custom essay sample on Orientalism in Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page English education is seen as a syringe through which to inject the hemlock of western thought, â€Å"the schools were started so as to teach us how to say ‘Yes’ in their language. They imported to us the germ of the greatest European violence,† (79). The European experience seems to sever Sa’eed from his Sudanese roots. â€Å"Everyone who is educated today wants to sit at a comfortable desk under a fan and line in an air-conditioned house. † The novel portrays the tradition of sending the young and talented of Africa, and other colonized areas, to the intellectual pantheon of Oxford and Cambridge. As is evident in the novel, not only does a European education further isolate such individuals, but also such a liberal education is seen as trivial in the eyes of their African counterparts, †We have no need of poetry here. It would have been better if you’d studied agriculture, engineering or medicine,† (9). In his interview with Henry Louis Gates, Wole Soyinka asserts that true emancipation from colonial thought will only come at the expense of the established education system in Africa. â€Å"Now, first of all† he says, â€Å" I think the most fundamental means is the complete reorganization of our educational system†. If the standard of education is set to the tune of European ideology then, intellectualism, indeed the entire philosophical landscape, is cast under the manipulative shadow of western thought. â€Å"Universities are very much the slaves of the system of bureaucratization. † (523). Common in many literary works written by members of the African Diaspora is an overarching feeling of isolation. This existential displacement is very much alive in Salih’s novel, â€Å"the whole of the journey I savoured that feeling of being nowhere, alone, before and behind me either eternity or nothingness† (24). There seems to be a bifurcation of â€Å"self† present in Season of Migration that is also very common in many post-colonial, African artists. Sa’eed speaks to this dual life, spending half the day â€Å"with the theories of Keynes and Tawney† and â€Å"at night I resumed the war with boat and sword and spear and arrows† (30). Sa’eed’s aptitude for the English language, and western thought in general, inspires envy on behalf of his schoolmates. He is ostracized and thought of as different. His intellect â€Å"would fill† the other students â€Å"with annoyance and admiration at one and the same time. With a combination of admiration and spite we nicknamed him the black Englishman. ’† Sa’eed’s transition to the â€Å"other†, to a lighter gradation of â€Å"blackness†, began even before he traveled to England. â€Å"Isolated and arrogant,† he spends his time â€Å"alone† (43). There are many intertextual references within Season of Migration, the most apparent being Salih’s allusions to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Where Conrad’s novel centers around a westerner traveling to Africa in an attempt to realign himself with emotion, Salih’s book is a reversal—a story of an African venturing into the heart of Europe in an attempt to buffer raw impulse with philosophy. In his interview with Phillips, Chinua Achebe asserts that â€Å"Africa is presented to the reader as the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization [†¦] a place where man’s vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality,† (40). Africa is used as a â€Å"backdrop,† devoid of any â€Å"human factor,† it is a â€Å"metaphysical battlefield [†¦] into which the wandering European enters at his peril,† (404). Conversely, Salih reduces Europe to the role of â€Å"props† for the breaking up of the Orient’s mind. Both writers suspend their readers in a world in which the protagonist has had to endure the psychic and physical pain of displacement. While Conrad presents a primitive Africa that is â€Å"doomed to irredeemable savagery,† Salih depicts a dehumanizing and morally corrupt western world as it holds a scrupulous mirror up to the European gaze by questioning its own grip on â€Å"civilization† (406). In addition to Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Salih’s novel also stands on the shoulders of Shakespeare’s Othello.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methodology

Question: Discuss about the Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methodology. Answer: Introduction A large number of immigrants need health services beyond basic healthcare provided by NHS and thus, go to hospitals in their respective regions to receive healthcare services. Such healthcare service providers need to understand the healthcare expectations of immigrants and refugees to be able to provide them best healthcare services. This research involves a study on a public regional hospital in Victor whose management is seeking support in understanding the perceptions of immigrant and refugee patients on the healthcare services provided by the hospital( Islington Council, 2016). Certain research questions can be used to guide this research to achieve this aim including: What are the services provided by the hospital to the immigrants and refugees What are the demographic and personal characteristics of the immigrant and refugee patients coming to Victoria hospital? How do these immigrants and refugees perceive the healthcare services of the hospital? Can there be a scope for improvement in services of the hospital to better take care of the needs of these patients? Literature Review The quality of healthcare in UK varies with the hospitals and regions. Citizens of the country definitely enjoy some healthcare benefits and preferences. However, when it comes to immigrants, rules and treatments differ. But NHS claims to provide free healthcare services even to immigrants but government is considering restricting this free access to healthcare for immigrants and refugees with limited stay in UK. Currently, NHS provides free basic healthcare to migrants and full NHS healthcare service to migrating students. Free services are provided by public hospitals but advanced healthcare services are provided at a cost. There is very less information that is available on how these healthcare services perform with the refugees and immigrants. Various aspects of care may be explored in order to understand if the patients have positive experiences of receiving these services. Various aspects of healthcare that may be explored can include communication with healthcare professionals, medications, nursing services, discharge planning, pain management, and more. Past researches has shown that the perception of patients about healthcare services is affected by actual services as well as by several other factors like demographics, health condition, age, and education levels. A HCAHPSstudy on 4032 hospitals of USA had studied the perceptions of patients considering hospitals services and characteristics of students. Over 63% of the patients provided positive ratings to healthcare services and 67% were open to recommending services to friends and family. 74% of the patients were satisfied with the communication received from healthcare professionals. There are a variety of studied conducted on the patients of hospitals but there is very less literature specific to the healthcare received by immigrants and refugees in UK and thus, the current study can fill this gap for UK region by taking the case of Victorian hospital understand the views of immigrants and refugees(Jha, Orav, Zheng, Epstein, 2008). Research design and conduct Methodology: A quantitative research methodology would be used involving survey for capturing experiences of the immigrants and refugees served at the Victorian hospital. Research instruments: A survey would be conducted on the immigrant and refugee patients of the hospital for which a questionnaire would be prepared. This questionnaire would involve objective questions asking patients about their experiences with the hospital with respect to different dimensions like communication, nursing, pain management, medications, discharge planning, and more. They would be asked to rate the services considering some major parameters to explore their views(Chawla Sondhi, 2011). Sampling: A convenient sampling would be used as the study targets a single hospital such that the data would be collected from the patients who would be available at the time of the study. Data Collection: The patients of the hospital would be personally met by the researcher and a questionnaire would be distributed in order to receive their inputs for the study. A written consent with declaration of the significance and use of study would be taken from them before their responses are recorded by the researcher(Creswell, 2008). Data analysis: The data received would be coded and recorded in SPSS and statistical tests like T-Test and Chi-square test would be utilized for analysis. These tests would be used for comparing various characteristics of hospital services as well as patients from different demographics(Choy, 2014). Limitations: This research is targeted only to a single hospital and thus, it may not be generalized for a wider array of patients including immigrants and refugees. If their views have to be studied then the study would have to be reproduced for more hospitals(VisitScotland, 2013). Bibliography Islington Council. (2016). NHS healthcare for migrants with NRPF (England). NRPF. Chawla, D., Sondhi, N. (2011). Research Methodology: Concepts and Cases. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. Choy, L. T. (2014). The Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methodology: Comparison and Complimentary between Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science , 19 (4), 99-104. Creswell. (2008). Selection of Research Design. Sage Publications. Jha, A. K., Orav, E. J., Zheng, J., Epstein, A. M. (2008). Patients' Perception of Hospital Care in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine , 359:1921-1931. VisitScotland. (2013). Netherlands: Consumer Research. VisitScotland.